| 01/07/2009 |
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| Grup de Regulació del Processament Alternatiu de Precursors de l’ARN – Juan Valcárcel (CRG). “Em conformaria amb entendre la lògica molecular d’un sol cas d’splicing” (cat/eng) | |
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Fa 30 anys que s’estudia l’”splicing alternatiu” (AS en anglès), i s’estima que es produeix en el 95% dels gens humans. Tot i aixĂ, el drama dels estudiosos de l’ASĂ©s que, tot i que es coneixen molts exemples on aquest mecanisme tĂ© un paper fonamental, com en el cas de la determinaciĂł del sexe en Drosophila, encara no se sap fins a quin punt Ă©s biològicament rellevant en la majoria dels casos. Ho diu Juan Valcárcel, cap del grup de RegulaciĂł del Processament Alternatiu de Precursors de l’ARN del CRG.
L’AS permet que un mateix missatger d’ARN es processi de formes alternatives segons el teixit o la situaciĂł, donant lloc a proteĂŻnes diferents. Funciona amb la maquinĂ ria mĂ©s complexa de la cèl·lula, formada per 200 proteĂŻnes basals i altres 200 reguladores. El grup de Valcárcel, que va arribar al CRG l’any 2002 i estĂ format per 11 persones de set paĂŻsos, intenta entendre la regulaciĂł d’aquesta maquinĂ ria. Treballen des de la perspectiva bioquĂmica i amb cultius de cèl·lules humanes, fins amb models de Drosophila i de ratolĂ. L’especialitat del grup sĂłn els estudis dins un tub d’assaig en el qual es pot veure com l’adiciĂł d’un determinat factor modifica l’splicing. Una altra tècnica que utilitzen sĂłn els arrays (o microxips) d’AS, alguns d’ells desenvolupats pel propi grup i que es fan servir en estudis a nivell genòmic. Els projectes en els que treballen sĂłn molts i molt variats. Un exemple Ă©s l’estudi del mecanisme molecular d’AS del receptor de Fas el qual, segons el tipus d’splicing, pot donar lloc a la mort cel·lular o protegir contra aquesta. Un altre projecte, mĂ©s recent, pretĂ©n estudiar la relaciĂł entre la cromatina i l’splicing en col·laboraciĂł amb els grups de Roderic GuigĂł i de Miguel Beato (CRG). En el futur treballaran tambĂ© amb Ben Lehner (CRG) per estudiar reguladors fisiològics d’AS en C.elegans. “Hi ha moltes coses a estudiar, però em conformaria amb entendre la lògica molecular d’un sol cas”, somnia Valcárcel. “Crec que per entendre la importĂ ncia biològica de l’AS i quin paper juguen les diferents variants s’haurien de fer knock-outs (KO) no tan de gens sinĂł d’isoformes especĂfiques”, continua. En tot cas, ben bĂ© un 15% de les malalties genètiques estan causades per mutacions que afecten els senyals d’splicing. Però segons diu Valcárcel el percentatge podria ser mĂ©s gran: “Darrerament s’han vist mutacions que no impliquen directament els senyals d’splicing sinĂł que sĂłn a dins dels exons, però tot i aixĂ afecten el mecanisme d’splicing”. Els canvis en la proporciĂł d’AS en gens crucials tambĂ© estan implicats en el pas d’un tumor benigne a maligne en alguns tipus de cĂ ncers. “En col·laboraciĂł amb GuigĂł i Joan Albanell (IMIM) estem intentant caracteritzar canvis d’AS que tenen lloc al cĂ ncer de pit. La raĂł Ă©s que cĂ ncers indistingibles a nivell histològic responen a la quimioterĂ pia de forma diferent, segons les pacients. Volem veure si els marcadors d’AS podrien distingir-los”, comenta Valcárcel. A mĂ©s el biòleg gallec Ă©s el vice-coordinador del consorci EURASNET, en el que hi participen 41 laboratoris de tota Europa. L’objectiu Ă©s explorar quines tecnologies sĂłn mĂ©s eficaces per l’estudi de l’splicing i, sobretot, quines podrien ser les possible terĂ pies basades en l’splicing. En efecte, l’splicing estĂ passant de ser un mecanisme d’interès nomĂ©s pels biòlegs moleculars a tenir un gran potencial a nivell diagnòstic i terapèutic. Per exemple, un dels grups que formen part del consorci i que ha desenvolupat petites molècules que modifiquen l’AS en el virus de la SIDA ha demostrat que Ă©s amb aquestes Ă©s possible reduir la producciĂł del virus en models cel·lulars i de ratolĂ. “I would be happy if I understood the molecular logic behind just one case of splicing”It’s been 30 years that alternative splicing (AS) is studied, and it is estimated that it takes place in 95% of human genes. However, the drama of the AS experts is that, even though many examples are known in which this mechanism has an essential role, such as in the case of Drosophila sex determination, it is still unknown to what point AS is biologically relevant in most cases, says Juan Valcárcel, head of the Regulation of Alternative pre-mRNA Splicing group at the CRG. AS allows for one messenger RNA (mRNA) to be processed in alternative ways, according to the tissue or the situation, and to give rise to different proteins. It works thanks to the most complex machinery that exists in the cell, formed by 200 basal proteins and another 200 regulators. The group of Valcárcel, which arrived to the CRG in 2002 and is composed by 11 people from 7 countries, tries to understand the regulation of this machinery. They work at many levels: from the biochemistry perspective, with human cell cultures, to Drosophila and mice models. Their speciality is the study inside a test tube in which one can see how adding a specific factor can modify the splicing. Other techniques they use a lot are the AS microarrays, some of them developed by the group itself, which are used in genomic studies. The projects they work on are many and very varied. One example is the AS molecular mechanism of the Fas receptor. This protein can lead to cell death or protect against it, depending on what type of AS is done. Another more recent project aims to study the relationship between chromatin and splicing in collaboration with the groups of Roderic GuigĂł and of Miguel Beato (CRG). In the future the group will also work with Ben Lehner (CRG) in the study of physiological regulators of AS in C.elegans. “There are so many things to study, but I would be glad if I could understand the molecular logic of just one case of AS” dreams Valcárcel. “I believe that in order to understand the biological relevance of AS and what roles do the different variants play, we should do knock-outs (KO), not of genes, but rather of specific isoforms”, he continues. At least 15% of the genetic diseases are caused by mutations in the splicing signals. But according to Valcárcel, the percentage could be higher: “Lately we have found mutations that do not affect the splicing signals themselves, but are rather within the exon, and nevertheless they do affect splicing!”. The changes in the proportion of AS in crucial genes are also implied in the transformation from a benign to a malign tumour in some types of cancers. “In collaboration with GuigĂł and Joan Albanell (IMIM) we are now trying to characterise changes in the AS that take place in breast cancer. The reason is that some breast cancers are undistinguishable at histological level, yet they respond to chemotherapy differently according to the patient. We would like to see if there are some AS markers that could help us distinguish the two types”, explains Valcárcel. This biologist from Galicia is also the vice-coordinator of the EURASNET consortium, in which 41 laboratories from all over Europe participate. The aim is to explore which technologies are most efficient for the study of splicing and, specially, which could be the possible therapies based on this mechanism. Indeed, splicing is starting to be not just a mechanism of interest for molecular biologists, but a mechanism with great diagnostic and therapeutic potential. For example, one of the groups that belongs to the consortium has developed small molecules that modify AS in HIV and reduce the virus production in cell cultures and in mice models. |
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